🌏 Region(s): Ryukyu (Okinawa)
かるぬん【軽ぬん】 : karunun | define meaning
karunun
Pronunciation: [kaɾunuŋ̍]
Definition
Verb
- To give birth
- To become lighter
Etymology
Cognate with standard Japanese かるむ【軽む】 karumu "to become lighter" and its variant かろむ karomu.
Spelling
| Orthography | Form |
|---|---|
| Kanji | 軽ぬん |
| Kana | かるぬん |
| Romanization | karunun |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | [kaɾunuŋ̍] |
Verb Paradigm
|
|
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative Perfective |
|
Indicative |
PRED |
karumun,
|
karudan |
karuman |
karumantan |
|
ATT |
karumuru,
|
karudaru |
|||
|
Progressive |
PRED |
karudoon |
karudootan |
karudeewuran |
karudeewurantan |
|
ATT |
karudooru |
karudootaru |
|||
|
Causative |
PRED |
karumasun |
karumachan |
karumasan |
karumasantan |
|
ATT |
karumasuru |
karumacharu |
|||
|
Passive and Potential |
PRED |
karumariyun, |
karumaritan, |
karumariran, |
karumarirantan, |
|
ATT |
karumariyuru, |
karumaritaru, |
|||
|
Causative-Passive |
PRED |
karumasariyun, |
karumasaritan |
karumasariran |
karumasarirantan |
|
ATT |
karumasariyuru, |
karumasariraru |
|||
|
Intransitivizing resultative (For transitive verbs only) |
PRED |
karudeen |
karudeetan |
karudeeneen |
karudeeneentan |
|
ATT |
karudeeru |
karudeetaru |
|||
|
Preparatory |
PRED |
karudoochun |
karudoochan |
karudeeukan |
karudeeukantan |
|
ATT |
karudoochuru |
karudoocharu |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Root |
karum- |
|
Dictionary |
karumun, |
|
Attributive or Adnominal |
karumuru,
|
|
Apocopated (indicative imperfective) |
karumu-,
|
|
Adverbial |
karumi |
|
Volitional-Presumptive |
karuma |
|
Conjunctive |
karudi |
|
Representative |
karudai |
|
Imperative |
karumi, |
|
Conditional |
karumee |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Conjecture |
karumuru haji,
|
|
So as to... |
karumuru gutu,
|
|
Before... |
karumuru mee,
|
|
While... |
karumuru qweeda, karumuru-qweema,
|
|
Purpose |
karumuru tami ni,
|
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Request |
karudi-kwimisooree |
|
Benefactive |
karudi-kwiin |
|
Completive |
karudi-neen |
|
Concessive conditional |
karudi-n |
|
After... |
karudi-kara |
|
After... |
karudi-atu |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Desiderative |
PRED |
karumi-busan |
karumi-busantan |
karumi-bushikoo neen, karumi-bushikoo neeran |
karumi-bushikoo neentan, karumi-bushikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
karumi-busaru |
karumi-busataru |
|||
|
Easy to... |
PRED |
karumi-yassan |
karumi-yassantan |
karumi-yashikoo neen, karumi-yashikoo neeran |
karumi-yashikoo neentan, karumi-yashikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
karumi-yassaru |
karumi-yassataru |
|||
|
Hard to... |
PRED |
karumi-gurisan |
karumi-gurisantan |
karumi-gurikoo neen, karumi-gurikoo neeran |
karumi-gurikoo neentan, karumi-gurikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
karumi-gurisaru |
karumi-gurisataru |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Exalting |
PRED |
karumi-misheen |
karumi-misheentan |
karumi-misooran |
karumi-misoorantan |
|
ATT |
karumi-misheeru |
karumi-misheetaru, |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
While (simultaneously)... |
karumi-gachii |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Reported past |
karumu-tan |
|
Nominalizing |
karumu-shi |
|
Concessive |
karumu-shiga |
|
Cause-effect |
karumu-kutu |
|
Prohibitive |
karumu-na |
|
Provisional conditional |
karumu-raa |
|
Questions |
karumu-ga |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Polite |
PRED |
karumabiyun, |
karumabitan |
karumabiran |
karumabirantan |
|
ATT |
karumabiyuru, |
karumabitaru |
|||
|
Polar questions |
PRED |
karumumi |
karudii |
karumani |
karumantii |
Verb paradigms are based off several sources including, but not limited to:
- Funatsu, Yoshiaki. (1988). 美しい沖縄の方言①. [Utsukushii Okinawa no kotoba 1]. ISBN4-905784-19-0.
- Sakihara, Mitsugu. (2006). Okinawan-English Wordbook. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 0824831020.
- Shizato, Rumiko and Iwasaki, Shoichi. (2024). Basic Okinawan: From Conversation to Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 9780824893651.
意味：ぶんべんする【分娩する】、かるむ・かろむ【軽む】、かるくなる【軽くなる】